Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The TRS- 8. 0 Micro Computer System (TRS- 8.
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Model I to distinguish it from successors) is a desktop microcomputer launched in 1. Tandy Corporation through their Radio Shack stores. The name is an abbreviation of Tandy/Radio Shack, Z- 8. The Model I was discontinued shortly after, primarily due to stricter FCC regulations on the radio- frequency interference it caused in surrounding electronics. After buyer Don French purchased a MITS Altairkit computer, he began designing his own and showed it to vice president of manufacturing John Roach. Although the design did not impress Roach, the idea of selling a microcomputer did. When the two men visited National Semiconductor in California in mid- 1.
Steve Leininger's expertise on the SC/MP microprocessor impressed them. National executives refused to provide Leininger's contact information when French and Roach wanted to hire him as a consultant, but they found Leininger working part- time at Byte Shop and he and French began working together in June 1. The company envisioned a kit, but Leininger persuaded the others that because . In December 1. 97. French and Leininger received official approval for the project but were told to emphasize cost savings; for example, leaving out lowercase characters saved US$1. US$5. In February 1. Charles Tandy, head of Tandy Corporation.
The program quickly crashed as the computer could not handle the US$1. Tandy typed in as his salary, and the two men added support for floating- point math to its Tiny BASIC to prevent a recurrence. After the demonstration Tandy revealed that he had already leaked the computer's existence to the press, so the project was approved. Leininger and French suggested that Radio Shack could sell 5.
Roach persuaded Tandy to agree to build 3,5. It cost US$3. 99 ($1. US$5. 99 ($2. 33. The company hoped that the new computer would help Radio Shack sell higher- priced products, and improve its . Small businesses were the primary target market, followed by educators, then consumers and hobbyists; despite its hobbyist customer base, Radio Shack saw them as . A front- page Associated Press article discussed the novelty of a large consumer- electronics company selling a home computer that could . It can also play cards.
The company advertised . Unlike competitor Commodore. The company announced plans to be selling by Christmas a range of peripherals and software for the TRS- 8. September, and opened its first computer- only store in October. Still forecasting 3,0. Radio Shack sold over 1.
TRS- 8. 0s Model Is in its first one and a half months of sales, and over 2. The line won popularity with hobbyists, home users, and small- businesses.
Tandy Corporation's leading position. The pre- release price was US$5. US$5. 0 deposit was required, with a money- back guarantee at time of delivery.
By 1. 98. 0 Info. World described Radio Shack as . Although selling computers did not change the company's . Tandy cited one of the main reasons as being the prohibitive cost of redesigning it to meet stricter FCC regulations covering the significant levels of radio- frequency interference emitted by the original design. It used a Zilog Z8. MHz (later models were shipped with a Z8. A). The basic model originally shipped with 4k of RAM, consisting of eight 2.
RAM consisting of eight 4. The OS ROMs, I/O area, video memory and OS work space occupy the first 1. Model I, the remainder being free RAM usable by programs.
Although the Z8. 0 CPU can use port- based I/O, the Model I's I/O is memory- mapped aside from the cassette and RS- 2. The memory layout of the Model I and III notably rendered them incompatible with standard CP/M which was designed to load at $0. TPA (Transient Program Area) start at $0. Although CP/M was available for both computers, it required custom- modified software which defeated the basic point of the OS, which was portability.
Keyboard. Instead of transferring data through an I/O chip, the hardware mapped the keyboard to dedicated locations in the processor's memory. Performing a read from the keyboard area of the memory would return the state of a particular set of keys. A version of the computer was produced which replaced the nameplate with a numeric keypad.
Many users complained about the TRS- 8. Eventually, this change was added to a later ROM revision. The keyboard hardware was also changed to be less vulnerable to bounce. Video and audio. The color of the screen text is light bluish (the standard . Green and amber filters, or replacement tubes to make the display easier on the eyes, were common aftermarket items. Later models came with a green- on- black display.
Many users complained about the poor quality of the video display; as Green wrote, . The bus arbitration logic would block video display while access was given to the CPU, causing a short black line.
This had little effect on normal BASIC programs, but fast programs made in assembly language could be affected. Many software authors were able to minimize this effect. Notwithstanding this primitive display hardware, many arcade- style games were available for the Tandy TRS- 8. Because of bandwidth problems in the interface card that replaced the TV's tuner, the display would lose horizontal sync if large areas of white were displayed; a simple hardware fix (involving less than half an hour's work) could be applied to correct that.
Like the Apple II, the original TRS- 8. Model I cannot display lowercase letters. Although the letters exist in its character set, the computer uses seven 2. SRAMs (1kx. 1) for the video memory, for a total of 8. Since these are 1- bit chips, the eighth bit is missing, meaning the video RAM cannot store values greater than 1. An eighth 2. 10. 2 chip must be added to enable a full 2.
The 1. 97. 8 manual for the popular word processor Electric Pencil came with instructions for modifying the computer. Although the modification needed to be disabled for Level II BASIC, its design became the industry standard and was widely sold in kit form.
Later models came with the hardware for lowercase character set to be displayed with descenders. The video hardware can only display text at 6. Seven bits of each byte are used to display ASCII characters, with the eighth bit used to differentiate between text and . BASIC routines can write directly to the virtual 1. Square wave tones can be produced by outputting data to the cassette port and plugging headphones or an amplifier into the Data Out line. Some games use this ability for sound effects.
An adapter was available to use Atari joysticks. Radio Shack's model CTR- 4. US$5. 99 package. To find the correct volume, one would sometimes have to attempt to load a program once, adjusting volume until the machine picked up the data, then reset the machine, rewind the tape and attempt the loading again. Users quickly learned to save a file three or more times in hopes that one copy would prove to be readable. Automatic gain control or indicator circuits could be constructed to compensate for this (the owner's manual provided complete circuit diagrams for the whole machine, including the peripheral interfaces, with notes on operation).
An alternative tape interface could receive transmissions from the BBC's Chip Shop programme in the UK, which broadcast software for several different microcomputers over the radio. A special program loaded using the conventional tape interface was needed to access the custom interface. Tandy eventually replaced the CTR- 4. CTR- 8. 0 which had built- in AGC circuitry (and no volume control). This helped the situation, but tape operation was still unreliable. TRS- 8. 0s with Level I BASIC read and wrote tapes at 2.
Level II BASIC doubled this to 5. Some programmers wrote machine- language programs that would increase the speed to up to 2,0. For loading and storing data, no hardware controller existed. Instead, the processor created the sound itself by switching the output voltage between three states, creating very crude sine wave audio. The first models of the Model I also had problems reading from the cassette drives.
Tandy eventually offered a small board which was installed in a service center to correct earlier models. The ROMs in later models were modified to correct this. Expansion interface. DM3. 00 in Germany. The Expansion Interface was the most troublesome part of the TRS- 8. It went through several revisions.
A pre- production version is said to have looked completely different, and to have had a card cage. Its edge card connectors tended to oxidise due to the use of two different metals in the contacts, and required periodic cleaning with a pencil eraser. The expansion unit required a second power supply, identical to the base unit power supply; an interior recess held both power supplies. Info. World compared the cable spaghetti connecting the TRS- 8. Raiders of the Lost Ark.
This meant that the user had no choice but to place it directly behind the computer with the monitor on top of it. This caused problems if one owned a monitor whose case did not fit the mounting holes. Also, the loose friction fit of the edge connector on the already short interconnect cable created the precarious possibility of disconnecting the system bus from the CPU if either unit happened to be moved during operation. Floppy disk drives. To use the Model I with a disk operating system.
This was based on a Western Digital 1. Four floppy drives could be used with the Model I in a daisy- chain. Although demand for Model I drives greatly exceeded supply at first. The 1. 77. 1 could not report its status for a short interval (several instruction cycles) after it received a command. A common method of handling this was to issue a command to the 1.
Early TRSDOS neglected to use the required wait period, instead querying the chip immediately after issuing a command, and thus false status was often returned to the OS, causing various errors and crashes. If the 1. 77. 1 was handled correctly by the OS, it was actually fairly reliable.